![]() If you see ‘Sign in through society site’ in the sign in pane within a journal: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institution’s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.Įnter your library card number to sign in. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution.Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in.Click Sign in through your institution.Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.Ĭhoose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Get help with access Institutional accessĪccess to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Therefore, understanding dendrite structure is essential to understanding dendrite function. The shape and composition of dendrites and their synaptic specializations are influenced throughout life by genes, environment, learning, memory, and neuropathological conditions. The use of three-dimensional reconstructions from serial section electron microscopy has shown that these dendritic synaptic specializations differ widely in dimensions, distribution, and intracellular composition. These specializations also occur in many different forms related both to local connectivity and the need for compartmentalization of molecular signaling. Synaptic inputs occur directly on the shaft of some dendrites, but other dendrites have dendritic spines or specialized enlargements that host synapses. Dendritic arbors assume diverse forms, branching in characteristic spatial domains where they receive specific synaptic inputs. ![]() Although all cells have organelles in common, the number and types of organelles present reveal how the cell functions.Dendrites extend from the cell body of the neuron and are specialized for processing synaptic information. For example, muscle cells have more mitochondria than most other cells so that they can readily produce energy for movement cells of the pancreas need to produce many proteins and have more ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticula to meet this demand. The cells of multicellular organisms may also look different according to the organelles needed inside of the cell. Muscle cells are slender fibers that bundle together for muscle contraction. Outer skin cells form flattened stacks that protect the body from the environment. Nerve cells have appendages called dendrites and axons that connect with other nerve cells to move muscles, send signals to glands, or register sensory stimuli. Their structure is related to their function, meaning each type of cell takes on a particular form in order to best serve its purpose. One can easily observe the differences in these cells under a microscope. In humans, cells differentiate early in development to become nerve cells, skin cells, muscle cells, blood cells, and other types of cells. Multicellular organisms are composed of more than one cell, with groups of cells differentiating to take on specialized functions. Nutrients from the food travel through the cytoplasm to the surrounding organelles, helping to keep the cell, and thus the organism, functioning. It takes in food from the water and digests it in organelles known as food vacuoles. For example, a paramecium is a slipper-shaped, unicellular organism found in pond water. Unicellular organisms include bacteria, protists, and yeast. Unicellular organisms are made up of only one cell that carries out all of the functions needed by the organism, while multicellular organisms use many different cells to function. These organelles are responsible for a variety of cellular functions, such as obtaining nutrients, producing energy, and making proteins. Cells function differently in unicellular and multicellular organisms, but in every organism, each cell has specialized cell structures, or organelles, of which there are many.
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